The Upanishads are ancient Sanskrit texts of spiritual teaching and ideas of Hinduism. They are the part of the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, the Vedas, which deal with meditation, philosophy, and spiritual knowledge. The Upanishads focus on the concept of the self and ultimate reality, as well as Samsara (reincarnation), Karma (action), Dharma (duty), and Moksha (liberation).

The Upanishads are among the most important literature in the history of Indian religions and culture. They played an important role in the development of spiritual ideas in ancient India, marking a transition from Vedic ritualism to new ideas and institutions. Translations in the early 19^th century attracted the attention of western audiences, leading many to compare the fundamental concepts of The Upanishads to the beliefs of western philosophers.

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