1601: Conversation as it was by the Social Fireside in the Time of the Tudors is a classic work of American satire by Mark Twain. [Date: 1601.] Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of the Tudors. or simply 1601 is the title of a short risqué squib by Mark Twain, first published anonymously in 1880, and finally acknowledged by the author in 1906. The Twain classic was written as an extract from the diary of one of Queen Elizabeth I's ladies-in-waiting, the pamphlet purports to record a conversation between Elizabeth and several famous writers of the day. The topics discussed are entirely scatological, notably farting and sex. 1601 was, according to Edward Wagenknecht, "the most famous piece of pornography in American literature."[2] However, it was more ribaldry than pornography; its content was more in the nature of irreverent and vulgar comedic shock than obscenity for sexual arousal. Prior to the court decisions in the United States in 1959-1966 that legalized the publication of Lady Chatterley's Lover, Tropic of Cancer, and Fanny Hill, the piece continued to be considered unprintable, and was circulated clandestinely in privately printed limited editions. The diarist describes a conversation in the presence of the queen between various famous Elizabethans during which one of the company farts: In ye heat of ye talk it befel yt one did breake wind, yielding an exceding mightie and distresfull stink, whereat all did laugh full sore. The Queen inquires as to the source, and receives various replies. "Lady Alice" and "Lady Margery" both deny farting, the first saying: "Good your grace, an' I had room for such a thundergust within mine ancient bowels, 'tis not in reason I coulde discharge ye same and live to thank God for yt He did choose handmaid so humble whereby to shew his power. Nay, 'tis not I yt have broughte forth this rich o'ermastering fog, this fragrant gloom, so pray you seeke ye further." Ben Jonson, Francis Bacon and William Shakespeare (referred to as 'Shaxpur') also deny having farted, though they have different opinions about the merits of the fart. Bacon considers it a "great performance" beyond his abilities, and Shakespeare is astounded by its "firmament-clogging rottenness". Walter Raleigh admits to it, but confesses that it was not up to his usual standards, demonstrating his abilities by letting out an even louder one. From there, the talk proceeds to manners and customs. Shakespeare tells a story about a prince