This book provides an evaluation of changes and reforms in doctoral education since 2000. Recent decades have seen an explosion in doctoral education worldwide, and the increased potential for diverse employment has generated greater interest. Recognizing the diversity of academic cultures and institutional systems worldwide, the book advocates for a core value system to overcome inequalities in access to doctoral education. The chapters focus on the structures and quality assurance models of doctoral education, supervision, and funding from an institutional and comparative perspective. The book examines capacity building in the era of globalization, global labor market developments for doctoral graduates, and the ethical challenges and political contestations that may manifest in the process of pursuing a PhD.